.jpeg)
Why did Congress oppose the Morley Minto reforms (7 marks):
This question can also come as to why Indians opposed it.
All the seats are advisory. There is no power so they are angry
the reforms did not reverse the partition of Bengal
Separate electorates were considered undemocratic
Practice Questions: Were the reasons for the partition of Bengal more important than the reversal (14 marks):
Why did they partition?
Why did they reverse?
Which decision was better?
Note: Both decisions are taken by the British, Explore your answer from their perspective. Which decision was more beneficial to them
A 14 marker is an argumentative essay. You have to justify your development with points. Marks are not for your opinion, but your justification and points. Your conclusion needs to support your opinion. There should be a 4:2 or 3:2 point system. If your answer is structured in a PEEL format, it's better as it will make it easier for the examiner to award marks
Lucknow Pact 1916:
Jinnah joined Muslim league and congress
By 1914 WW1 had started and it left the British under pressure
Jinnah called a meeting for both the parties
Congress will not object to separate electorates
Muslim population though 1/4 will get 1/3 seats in the government
Which means if out of 100 Muslim population is 25, their number if seats will be 33
Community laws were made
No law will be passed about a minority unless 3/4 of that minority agree to it (applied to all religions)
That means if there are 10 muslim in the parliament atleast 7 of them should agree to a law about Muslims before it can be passed
Similarly if there are 5 sikhs 3 of them should agree before a law could be passed about them
Common demands in the Lucknow Pact:
More indian seats in the government
British should accept Indian decisions
Minority protection
Provinces should be autonomous
Importance of the Pact:
Self Rule. It's a united front now
Cooperation
Indian opposition to the British
Montague Chelmsford Reforms:
Legislative council is now Legislative assembly
Separate electorates for Muslims and sikhs
Council of Princes set up
Viceroy had a veto and was all powerful
Diarchy under the reforms:
Reserved Subjects: The British
Transferred subjects: The Indians
All the important subjects were given to the British. Anything with real power had the British
The Indians:
No real power
Important ministries still with the British
Advisory roles
Nominations instead of elections
The council of princes was only advisory with no real power. It was just a talking shop
Rowlatt Act 1917:
Law written in 1917 but implemented after the montford reforms of 1919
Emergency Law
Arrest without warrant
Detention without bail
The right of the provincial government to order people where to live
Both Jinnah and Gandhi were opposing this
Amritsar massacre 1919:
April 10th: Five Europeans killed in Amritsar
General Dyer banned all public gatherings
20000 people turned up at Jalianwala Bagh
It was a fortified park with tall walls
General Dyer surrounded the park and fired around 1600 rounds of ammunition
Estimated 400 killed and 1200 injured
Hunter committee:
The inquiry was set up in England. Dyer was removed was service but no other punishment was given
This enraged the Indians
Comments